Strict Mode

StrictMode is a tool for highlighting potential problems in an application. Like Fragment, StrictMode does not render any visible UI. It activates additional checks and warnings for its descendants.

Note:

Strict mode checks are run in development mode only; they do not impact the production build.

You can enable strict mode for any part of your application. For example:

import React from 'react';

function ExampleApplication() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Header />
      <React.StrictMode>        <div>
          <ComponentOne />
          <ComponentTwo />
        </div>
      </React.StrictMode>      <Footer />
    </div>
  );
}

In the above example, strict mode checks will not be run against the Header and Footer components. However, ComponentOne and ComponentTwo, as well as all of their descendants, will have the checks.

StrictMode currently helps with:

• Identifying components with unsafe lifecycles
• Warning about legacy string ref API usage
• Warning about deprecated findDOMNode usage
• Detecting unexpected side effects
• Detecting legacy context API
• Ensuring reusable state

Additional functionality will be added with future releases of React.

Identifying unsafe lifecycles

As explained in this blog post, certain legacy lifecycle methods are unsafe for use in async React applications. However, if your application uses third party libraries, it can be difficult to ensure that these lifecycles aren’t being used. Fortunately, strict mode can help with this!

When strict mode is enabled, React compiles a list of all class components using the unsafe lifecycles, and logs a warning message with information about these components, like so:

Addressing the issues identified by strict mode now will make it easier for you to take advantage of concurrent rendering in future releases of React.

Warning about legacy string ref API usage

Previously, React provided two ways for managing refs: the legacy string ref API and the callback API. Although the string ref API was the more convenient of the two, it had several downsides and so our official recommendation was to use the callback form instead.

React 16.3 added a third option that offers the convenience of a string ref without any of the downsides:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);

    this.inputRef = React.createRef();  }

  render() {
    return <input type="text" ref={this.inputRef} />;  }

  componentDidMount() {
    this.inputRef.current.focus();  }
}

Since object refs were largely added as a replacement for string refs, strict mode now warns about usage of string refs.

Note:

Callback refs will continue to be supported in addition to the new createRef API.

You don’t need to replace callback refs in your components. They are slightly more flexible, so they will remain as an advanced feature.

Learn more about the new createRef API here.

Warning about deprecated findDOMNode usage

React used to support findDOMNode to search the tree for a DOM node given a class instance. Normally you don’t need this because you can attach a ref directly to a DOM node.

findDOMNode can also be used on class components but this was breaking abstraction levels by allowing a parent to demand that certain children were rendered. It creates a refactoring hazard where you can’t change the implementation details of a component because a parent might be reaching into its DOM node. findDOMNode only returns the first child, but with the use of Fragments, it is possible for a component to render multiple DOM nodes. findDOMNode is a one time read API. It only gave you an answer when you asked for it. If a child component renders a different node, there is no way to handle this change. Therefore findDOMNode only worked if components always return a single DOM node that never changes.

You can instead make this explicit by passing a ref to your custom component and pass that along to the DOM using ref forwarding.

You can also add a wrapper DOM node in your component and attach a ref directly to it.

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.wrapper = React.createRef();  }
  render() {
    return <div ref={this.wrapper}>{this.props.children}</div>;  }
}

Note:

In CSS, the display: contents attribute can be used if you don’t want the node to be part of the layout.

Detecting unexpected side effects

Conceptually, React does work in two phases:

• The render phase determines what changes need to be made to e.g. the DOM. During this phase, React calls render and then compares the result to the previous render.
• The commit phase is when React applies any changes. (In the case of React DOM, this is when React inserts, updates, and removes DOM nodes.) React also calls lifecycles like componentDidMount and componentDidUpdate during this phase.

The commit phase is usually very fast, but rendering can be slow. For this reason, the upcoming concurrent mode (which is not enabled by default yet) breaks the rendering work into pieces, pausing and resuming the work to avoid blocking the browser. This means that React may invoke render phase lifecycles more than once before committing, or it may invoke them without committing at all (because of an error or a higher priority interruption).

Render phase lifecycles include the following class component methods:

• constructor
• componentWillMount (or UNSAFE_componentWillMount)
• componentWillReceiveProps (or UNSAFE_componentWillReceiveProps)
• componentWillUpdate (or UNSAFE_componentWillUpdate)
• getDerivedStateFromProps
• shouldComponentUpdate
• render
• setState updater functions (the first argument)

Because the above methods might be called more than once, it’s important that they do not contain side-effects. Ignoring this rule can lead to a variety of problems, including memory leaks and invalid application state. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to detect these problems as they can often be non-deterministic.

Strict mode can’t automatically detect side effects for you, but it can help you spot them by making them a little more deterministic. This is done by intentionally double-invoking the following functions:

• Class component constructor, render, and shouldComponentUpdate methods
• Class component static getDerivedStateFromProps method
• Function component bodies
• State updater functions (the first argument to setState)
• Functions passed to useState, useMemo, or useReducer

Note:

This only applies to development mode. Lifecycles will not be double-invoked in production mode.

For example, consider the following code:

class TopLevelRoute extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);

    SharedApplicationState.recordEvent('ExampleComponent');
  }
}

At first glance, this code might not seem problematic. But if SharedApplicationState.recordEvent is not idempotent, then instantiating this component multiple times could lead to invalid application state. This sort of subtle bug might not manifest during development, or it might do so inconsistently and so be overlooked.

By intentionally double-invoking methods like the component constructor, strict mode makes patterns like this easier to spot.

Note:

In React 17, React automatically modifies the console methods like console.log() to silence the logs in the second call to lifecycle functions. However, it may cause undesired behavior in certain cases where a workaround can be used.

Starting from React 18, React does not suppress any logs. However, if you have React DevTools installed, the logs from the second call will appear slightly dimmed. React DevTools also offers a setting (off by default) to suppress them completely.

Detecting legacy context API

The legacy context API is error-prone, and will be removed in a future major version. It still works for all 16.x releases but will show this warning message in strict mode:

Read the new context API documentation to help migrate to the new version.

Ensuring reusable state

In the future, we’d like to add a feature that allows React to add and remove sections of the UI while preserving state. For example, when a user tabs away from a screen and back, React should be able to immediately show the previous screen. To do this, React will support remounting trees using the same component state used before unmounting.

This feature will give React better performance out-of-the-box, but requires components to be resilient to effects being mounted and destroyed multiple times. Most effects will work without any changes, but some effects do not properly clean up subscriptions in the destroy callback, or implicitly assume they are only mounted or destroyed once.

To help surface these issues, React 18 introduces a new development-only check to Strict Mode. This new check will automatically unmount and remount every component, whenever a component mounts for the first time, restoring the previous state on the second mount.

To demonstrate the development behavior you’ll see in Strict Mode with this feature, consider what happens when React mounts a new component. Without this change, when a component mounts, React creates the effects:

* React mounts the component.
  * Layout effects are created.
  * Effects are created.

With Strict Mode starting in React 18, whenever a component mounts in development, React will simulate immediately unmounting and remounting the component:

* React mounts the component.
    * Layout effects are created.
    * Effects are created.
* React simulates effects being destroyed on a mounted component.
    * Layout effects are destroyed.
    * Effects are destroyed.
* React simulates effects being re-created on a mounted component.
    * Layout effects are created
    * Effect setup code runs

On the second mount, React will restore the state from the first mount. This feature simulates user behavior such as a user tabbing away from a screen and back, ensuring that code will properly handle state restoration.

When the component unmounts, effects are destroyed as normal:

* React unmounts the component.
  * Layout effects are destroyed.
  * Effects are destroyed.

Unmounting and remounting includes:

• componentDidMount
• componentWillUnmount
• useEffect
• useLayoutEffect
• useInsertionEffect

Note:

This only applies to development mode, production behavior is unchanged.

For help supporting common issues, see:

• How to support Reusable State in Effects